28/07/2018, Yanditswe na Amiel Nkuliza
Turi ku wa 15 nyakanga 2018. Uwitwa Nsabimana Callixte, alias Sankara, ashyize ahagaragara itangazo rya gashontambara. Muri iri tangazo, avuga ko yashyiriyeho umukono i Nyamagabe ho ku butaka bw’u Rwanda, Sankara ati: «Twashinze umutwe w’ingabo FLN-Force de Libération Nationale/Ingabo zo kubohora igihugu. Twawuhaye inshingano ihamye yo gusesa ingoma ya FPR na Kagame bidatinze.
FLN igomba gukoresha uburyo bwose harimo n’intambara y’amasasu, kuko FPR yanze inzira yose y’amahoro (…). Abahutu, Abatwa n’Abatutsi biyemeje gutanga ikiguzi cyose harimo n’ubuzima bwabo kugeza ku nsinzi», Major Callixte N. Sankara.
Nyuma y’iri tangazo, abakora politiki y’amagambo, twagiye tuboherereza ubutumwa bugufi, tubabaza icyo batekereza kuri uyu mutwe mushya w’abarwanyi. Bamwe muri bo bararuciye, abandi bararumira. Abake muri bo badushubije ko ntacyo babivugaho kuko abayobozi b’ishyaka MRCD Sankara abereye umuvugizi, ngo batigeze bagira icyo batangaza ku mugaragaro. Ushyirwa mu majwi muri aba bayobozi ni perezida wa MRCD, Bwana Paul Rusesabagina.
Nyamara muri aba banyapolitiki b’amagambo gusa, hari uwaciye amazimwe: Ali Abdul Karim w’ishyaka RNC, yagaragaje aho ahagaze ku byiswe ibitero bya FLN-MRCD, ibitero byanemejwe na Leta y’u Rwanda. Ni mu kiganiro yagiranye na Serge Ndayizeye kuri radiyo Itahuka. Ati: «Ntidushobora gushyigikira umuntu tudakontorola-contrôler».
Aya magambo y’umwe mu bayobozi ba RNC, afite icyo asobanura gikomeye. RNC iri mu byiswe P5, impuzamashyaka atanu avuga ko arwanya ubutegetsi bw’i Kigali. Mbere y’uko RNC ivuka muri 2010, yasanze ayo mashyaka ane ariho, anakora neza. Aho kuyayoboka, ahubwo yo yayobotse RNC, ku mpamvu zikekwa na benshi : guhakwa cyangwa kwibeshya ku batutsi bari bamaze gushinga umutwe wa RNC, wavugaga ko ufite ingabo zo guhirika ubutegetsi bwa Kagame.
Uguhakwa kwa bamwe mu bagize P5, kurasa n’ukwivugira: abahutu bahagarariye amwe muri ayo mashyaka ya P5, basa n’aho nta cyizere bigirira ubwabo (Kanda hano mu ibara ry’ubururu, usome inyandiko ibivuga ho: http://umunyamakuru.com/mu-bavuga-ko-barwanya-ubutegetsi-bwa-paul-kagame-twizere-nde-tureke-nde/).
Nubwo iyo P5 iyobowe n’umwe muri abo, bivugwa ko ngo ntacyo yakora, atagishyikirije inama abayobozi ba RNC kugira ngo bagiye umugisha. Niba ibi bivugwa ari ukuri, ni ukuri kubabaje.
Ali Abdul Karim abivuga neza kuko yemeza ko amashyaka RNC idakontorola-contrôler, idashobora gukorana na yo. Ibi bivuze ko RNC ikontorola amashyaka yose agize P5, ikayaha n’umurongo wo gukorera mo.
Ikindi giteye impungenge kandi kigaragaza gahunda yihishe inyuma (agenda caché) ya RNC, gahunda imeze neza neza nk’iya FPR igihe yareshyaga abahutu nka Seth Sendashonga, Col Alexis Kanyarengwe, Pasteur Bizimungu, n’abandi, ni uko mu iteganyamigambingenderwaho (manifeste) ya RNC, Serge Ndayizeye yavuze ko RNC ifite gahunda yo gushyiraho Leta y’inzibacyuho (ishobora kuba yaranamaze gupangwa), ndetse n’inyandiko z’itegekonshinga (twashoboye kumenya neza ko ubu zamaze gushyikirizwa amatsinda (commissions) yo kuzigaho no kuzitunganya.
Ibi byose andi mashyaka agize P5 sinkeka ko hari icyo abizi ho, kandi byagombaga kwigirwa hamwe, cyane cyane ko bireba inyungu-rusange z’igihugu aya mashyaka uko ari atanu ateganya gukora, nyuma yo guhirika ubutegetsi bwa FPR-Inkotanyi. Ibi ni akumiro, nyamara ngo ukuri guca mu ziko, ntigushye.
Tugarutse kuri Sankara, ni uko uyu musore na we yahoze muri RNC, akaza kuyiva mo kubera ko ngo yari amaze kurambirwa ubwiru buvugwa muri iryo shyaka. Uretse imikorere yaryo ngo itagize aho itandukaniye n’iy’ishyaka rya FPR-Inkotanyi, Sankara yanatangaje ko RNC yaranzwe no gusaba imisanzu abanyamuryango bayo, imisanzu yo gushoza urugamba rwo kwirukana Kagame ku butegetsi, nyamara ayo mafaranga aho gukoreshwa ibyo yatangirwaga, ngo umwe mu bayobozi ba RNC akayaceza mo.
Kudashyigikira Sankara kwa RNC, nk’uko Ali Abdul Karim abyemeza, bikaba byumvikana neza, kuko uyu musore yamennye amabanga akomeye, ashobora no kumucisha umutwe.
Kumucisha umutwe si ibidasanzwe kuko n’abanyamuryango ba FPR barahiriraga ku nkota ko ngo bakwemera bagashira, aho kumena amabanga y’i kuzimu ngo bari bahuriyeho. Ingaruka z’abayamennye zarigaragaje : Col Patrick Karegeya yiciwe muri Afurika y’Epfo, Kayumba Nyamwasa arusimbuka inshuro zirenze imwe (izizwi ni ebyeri ariko hari n’abavuga ko zirenze). Kuba Sankara na we yaramaganywe na RNC, ni uko yaba RNC cyangwa FPR, bombi bashobora kuba ntaho batandukaniye cyane.
Sankara avuga ko ingabo ayoboye ari izo kwirukana ubutegetsi bwa FPR-Inkotanyi n’agatsiko kose kabugize, naho RNC yo ikavuga ko irwanya Kagame n’agatsiko ke, gusa. Ibyo bigasa n’ibivuga ko abayobozi ba RNC bafitanye amasinde na Kagame n’abamwungirije; ko ntacyo bapfa na système mbi aka gatsiko kubatse, kuva mu myaka 24 ishize. Abatabyumva batyo, ni ba bandi barazwe no guhakwa, bagahakwa no ku batagira impomarutaro.
Ishyaka FPR-Inkotanyi n’ayahoze ari amashyaka akomeye ya Opozisiyo mu nzira yo koreka igihugu muri »Yego Mwidishyi »
Amashyaka agize impuzamashyaka P5 – uvanyemo igice cya Me Bernard Ntaganda, kuko igice cya PS-Imberakuri ayoboye cyanze kuba intsina ngufi bacaho urukoma -, yugamye muri uwo mutaka wa RNC, nk’uko ayo mu Rwanda yose, na yo acyugamye mu mutaka wa FPR-Inkotanyi, kuva mu myaka 24 ishize.
Ikindi kimenyetso cy’uko RNC yamize ayo mashyaka ni uko, nubwo abayahagarariye uko bakabaye bemera Revolisiyo yo muri 59, abagize RNC bo iby’iyo Revolisiyo n’abari bayirangaje imbere, ari bo ba Kayibanda, Mbonyumutwa, Bicamumpaka n’abandi, babamaganira kure, kubera ko bemeza ko iyo Revolisiyo n’abahutu bayitangiye ari bo ngo batumye bahunga igihugu muri za 59. Iyi kaba ari imyemerere bahuriyeho na FPR, kuko iyi na yo n’abayiri ku isonga, nta na rimwe yigeze yemera Revolisiyo ya rubanda yo muri 59.
Si iyo Revolisiyo gusa abagize RNC batemera kuko n’ibyerekeranye n’ingingo ijyanye no guharanira kwemeza ko habayeho ‘‘Jenoide yakorewe abahutu, ubwo ingabo za FPR zabarimburiraga mu makambi no mu mashyamba ya Kongo’’, iyo ngingo na yo iyo amshyaka ane agize P5 ayiteruye, abagize RNC ntibaba bashaka ko ivugwaho, cyane cyane ko bamwe mu bakekwaho gukora iyo Jenoside y’abahutu Kayumba Nyamwasa na we abarimo, kubera ko ari umwe mu bari bayoboye ingabo za FPR zarimbuye abo bahutu muri Giti, muri «zone Turquoise», Kongo n’ahandi mu gihugu (Kanda hano mu ibara ry’ubururu, wumve ibisobanuro by’umuyobozi wa PDP-Imanzi, mu kiganiro yagiranye na Tharcisse Semana. Uhereye ku munota wa 18 kugeza ku wa 25, aho kureba ikibazo uko kiri, araduhumisha amaso imirongo ya Bibliya kugirango yirinde gukoma rutenderi: Ishyaka PDP-IMANZI rihagaze he ku kibazo cy’impindura-matwara mu Rwanda n’icyo kwibuka?).
Abahagarariye ayo mashyaka yandi, kutagira umwanzuro bafata ngo berekane aho bahagaze kuri ibyo bibazo bikomeye by’amateka yacu, ahubwo bakaguma kwihisha inyuma y’amacenga ya RNC, ivuga ngo ibyo bibazo ni ukubiharira inkiko, igihe n’ubutabera, ni ikindi kimenyetso simusiga ko bugamye mu mutaka wa RNC. (Kanda hano mu ibara ry’ubururu, wumve ibisobanuro by’umuyobozi wa PDP-Imanzi, mu kiganiro yagiranye na Tharcisse Semana. Uhereye ku munota wa 34 kugeza ku wa 39, aho gukomeza kwemeza ashikamye ibyo atangira avuga ko habayeho ‘‘itsembabahutu’’, aragera aho akabererekera ikibazo kugirango yirinde gukoma rutenderi Ishyaka PDP-IMANZI rihagaze he ku kibazo cy’impindura-matwara mu Rwanda n’icyo kwibuka?).
Nka FDU-Inkingi, izi neza amagambo akomeye Ingabire yavugiye ku Gisozi muri 2010, yakabaye iya mbere yo kwerekana aho ihagaze kuri iyo ngingo, yaviriye mo ikirego gikomeye umukuru wayo, Madame Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza.
Ikindi kimenyetso cy’uko RNC ntaho itandukaniye na FPR, ni uko abayobozi bayo badashobora na rimwe kuvuga ko ikibazo kiri mu Rwanda ari ubutegetsi (sytème) bwa FPR-Inkotanyi, ahubwo bagahoza mu kanwa Kagame n’agatsiko ke, nyamara bakirinda kwatura ngo bavuge ko FPR-Inkotanyi, nka système, ari yo ikwiye kurwanywa no guhirikwa burundu mu gihugu.
Na none, nk’uko ari na yo politiki ya FPR, ni uko nta na hamwe ushobora kubumva bamagana ku mugaragaro amashyirahamwe nka FARG, IBUKA, EAIGE GAERIGE, akomeje kwigisha amacakubiri n’inzangano, bishingiye ku irondakoko.
Abahagarariye amashyaka agize impuzamashyaka P5 na bo, kubera ya kontorole (contrôle) n’igitsure bya RNC bagenderaho, usanga badatinyuka kwamagana ku mugaragaro ayo macakubiri ashingiye ku irondakoko, arangwa muri ayo mashyirahamwe yashinzwe n’ubutegetsi bwa FPR. N’iyo bateruye bakabivuga, usanga babivuga bigengesereye cyane, ibyo bikaba ari ikindi kimenyetso ko bakorera kuri gitsure cya RNC.
Sankara we, aho atandukaniye n’aba bose, ni uko yakuye agahu ku nnyo. Yerekana ko FPR-Inkotanyi n’iyo miyoboro yayo yose yigisha amacakubiri, bigomba gukuburwa kugirango mu gihugu haboneke amahoro arambye, ubwisanzure mu bitekerezo n’isaranganywa ku mutungo w’igihugu kuri bose.
«Sankara» na MRCD ni abo gushyigikirwa
Kubera impamvu zitandukanye, nta kigaragara cyatuma Sankara na MRCD badashyigikirwa. Mu maraso ye, Sankara ni umu revolisiyoneri (révolutionnaire), kandi abarevolisiyoneri, aho bava bakagera, ntawe uyobewe ko ari bo bafata ubutegetsi. Kagame iyo ataba we, ntaba yarashoboye kwirukana no kwica umwanzi we Habyarimana.
Akiri muri Kaminuza (université nationale du Rwanda), mu ishami ry’amategeko, Sankara yarwaniye kuyobora abanyeshuri, uwari umuyobozi wa kaminuza (Silas Rwakabamba), amwirukana, amurega amacakubiri. Iki cyaha gisekeje cyaje gusuzumwa na Ibuka (umuryango urengera inyungu z’abacitse ku icumu rya jenoside) ndetse n’Umuvunyi mukuru (Kanda hano mu ibara ry’ubururu, utege amatwi nyir’ubwite uko asobanura uko byamugendekeye, mu kiganiro yagiranye na Tharcisse Semana. Ni ku munota wa 7 ku geza k’uwa 9. Ukuri k’Ukuri: « Nanze guhakwa […]; Nanze kubaka izina ry’umuntu mu rugamba rw’impinduramatwara ndwanira», Callixte Nsabimana alias Sankara.
Aba bombi, Ibuka n’Umuvunyi mukuru, baje kwemeza ko icyaha cy’amacakubiri gihabanye cyane n’ukiregwa, kuko ngo nta macakubiri arangwa mu batutsi, cyane cyane ngo iyo ari abatutsi b’abacikacumu ry’abahutu nka Sankara.
Impamvu ya kabiri yo gushyigikira Sankara, ni iyanjye bwite. Uko muzi (iwabo ni hafi cyane y’iwacu), nta cyaha afite cyo kuba wenda yarijanditse mu butegetsi cyangwa mu bwicanyi bwa FPR-Inkotanyi.
Ubwo Jenoside yabaga muri 94, Sankara yari afite imyaka 12 gusa. Umuryango we, hafi ya wose, watsembwe n’abahutu muri iyo Jenoside, asigara ari nyakamwe. Bamwe muri abo bicanyi bemeye icyo cyaha, baracyanagifungiwe muri gereza nkuru ya Mpanga. Abandi baratashye, kubera ko politiki ya FPR ishingiye k’ukurekura no gushyira abicanyi mu butegetsi bwayo.
Impamvu ya gatatu yo gushyigikira uyu musore, ni uko kuba atinyutse kugaragaza ko arwanya ingoma yiyitirira kurokora abatutsi, na we ari umututsi, biha icyizere abatutsi bazahajwe n’ubutegetsi bwa FPR-Inkotanyi, bwabagize ikiraro bwambukiraho. Aba, nta kabuza ko bazamushyigikira batavuye mo n’umwe, kuko bazaba bamwibona mo.
Abahutu na bo, ingoma ya FPR ihora ijomba ibikwasi ko ari ba nyagupfa, kuko ngo na bo bishe abatutsi muri jenoside yo muri 94, bazamushyigikira, cyane cyane ko bose batijanditse mu bwicanyi ubutegetsi bwa Kagame bubarega uko bakabaye, yaba n’uwavutse uyu munsi.
Ntabiciye ku ruhande, Sankara na MRCD ni abacunguzi ba nyabo ku banyarwanda bose: abahutu, abatwa n’abatutsi, bakeneye impinduka ya nyayo mu gihugu cyacu. Sankara na MRCD ni icyitegererezo cyo guca burundu ubutiriganya bwa politiki ishingiye ku kinyoma n’amacakubiri ya FPR-Inkotanyi, ikomeje kubeshya abanyarwanda ko ngo gahunda ya ’’Ndi umunyarwanda’’ yashyiriweho gusimbura imitekerereze y’abiyumva mo ubuhutu, ubutwa n’ubututsi, nyamara muri iyo «Ndi umunyarwanda» ari ho amacakubiri, ashingiye ku moko, yigishirizwa: abana b’abahutu bumvishwa buri gihe ko bagomba gusaba imbabazi bagenzi babo b’abatutsi, kubera ibyaha ba se na ba se wabo w’abo bana bakoze, kandi icyaha ari gatozi.
Impamvu ya kane yo gushyigikira Sankara ni uko akiri mu mashuri yisumbuye no muri kaminuza, yakunze kugaragaza ubutwari bwo kuvuga rikijyana, mu kutemeranya n’imikorere y’ubutegetsi bwa FPR-Inkotanyi.
Inyandiko ze zamaganaga ubu butegetsi, zakunze gusomwa mu binyamakuru byigenga byo mu Rwanda. Ibi byanemejwe na mwene sewabo (Adriyani Rangira), wahoze ari depite wa FPR mu nteko ishinga amategeko y’u Rwanda. Ni mu nkuru y’«Igihe.com» yo ku wa 23 nyakanga 2018, inkuru yari ifite umutwe, ugira uti: «Rangira wabaye umudepite, yavuye imuzi imyitwarire ya Sankara wigambye ubugizi bwa nabi bw’i Nyaruguru».
Adriyani Rangira, bishoboka ko yahatiwe kwitandukanya na Sankara, yagize ati: «Se ni murumuna wa data. Iwabo bishwe muri Jenoside, asigara we na mushiki we. Bari batuye i Gacu muri Nyanza [Murama ya kera]. Ababyeyi be bamaze gupfa, nabakuye mu kigo kirera imfubyi ndabafasha uko nshoboye hanyuma barananira we na mushiki we. Icyo gihe Sankara yari akiri muto agitangira amashuri yisumbuye.”
Depite Rangira akomeza yihakana, atesha agaciro, akanashinja ibyaha bikomeye murumuna we, agira ati: “Ibyo yigamba ni ibikorwa by’umuntu w’interahamwe. Njye n’abandi twakwitwa bene wabo, tubona ari ibintu birenze kurwara mu mutwe. Kumva umuntu wacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside, ukorana n’interahamwe, bakica abantu akabyigamba, ni ibintu tumwamaganyeho bitakwitirirwa uwo ariwe wese.” (…).
«Njye simpuje amaraso na Nsabimana, nta buvandimwe; nta nubwo duhuje imirongo ya politiki. Iyo abantu bahuje amaraso wenda ugira uko wabagereranya, ariko ntayo.” Ngibyo iby’abavandimwe b’iki gihe, niba nta gahato kabiri inyuma.
Urugamba nk’urw’inzuki zitagira urwiru
Abakurikiranira hafi ibimaze igihe bitangajwe na Nsabimana Callixte alias Sankara, basa n’abaguye mu rujijo. Bamwe muri aba bakeka ko, nk’uko Sankara yavuzwe haruguru (umurevolisiyoneri), bishoboka ko yigumuye ku mutwe wa MRCD, nk’uko yanigumuye ku mutwe wa RNC, akaba arimo gushoza urugamba nk’urw’inzuki zitagira urwiru.
Abavuga ibi basa n’abafite ukuri, kuko Paul Rusesabagina, uhagarariye MRCD, akomeje gukwepa abanyamakuru, bafite amatsiko yo kumenya neza niba koko ibyo Sankara atangaza yarabitumwe na MRCD.
Kubera ko abanyarwanda, baba abo mu gihugu no hanze yacyo, batunzwe n’ibihuha, ikindi gice cyabo cyemeza ko nta gushidikanya ko ibyo Sankara akomeje gutangaza yabitumwe na MRCD. Kuba abayobozi b’iri shyaka ntacyo baratangaza, ngo ni ukubera ko ahari bose ari abahutu, aba ngo bakaba batinya kugira icyo bavuga kugirango ubutegetsi bwa FPR-Inkotanyi butabambika ya karinga ya Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, karinga bwambika abahutu bose n’uwavutse uwo munsi. Guhirikira Sankara ibitekerezo byabo, kugirango abe ari we ubyirengera, ngo bikaba ari uko ari umututsi udashobora kwambikwa iyo karinga ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, kandi na we ari umututsi.
Ikindi umuntu yakeka, gituma aba bayobozi ba MRCD batagira icyo bavuga, ni uko ibyo Sankara atangaza ku maradiyo, abayobozi ba MRCD badafite ubushobozi bwo kubivuga neza nk’umuvugizi wabo. Ubushobozi mvuga si ubushingiye ku bwonko, ahubwo ni bwa bushobozi bw’umuntu ugifite amaraso mashya, ushobora kuvuga amasaha 24 kuri 24 ataruhuka, bitandukanye n’abayobozi be ubu basheshe akanguhe, kuko wenda babigerageje bahita bagwa muri koma, bakaba wenda bakenera kongererwa umwuka, ibyo bita «réanimation» mu rurimi rw’igifaransa.
Amacakubiri, ubwoba n’ishyari mu mashyaka yo muri «opposition»
Umugabo si ibyo akenyereyeho. Muri 2010 ubwo madamu Victoire Ingabire yiyemezaga guta abana n’umugabo we, akiyahura mu rwasaya rw’intare zo mu Rwanda, amwe mu mashyaka avuga ko arwanya ubutegetsi buriho ubu, yanze kumushyigikira mu rugamba rwo kwirukana Kagame ku butegetsi, ndetse bamwe mu bagize ayo mashyaka ntibatinyaga kuvuga ko agiye guhiga imyanya mu butegetsi bwa Kagame.
Muri 2003, Faustin Twagiramungu na padiri Thomas Nahimana muri 2017, na bo byabaye uko, ubwo abakeba babo muri politiki bemezaga ko aba bagabo bombi na bo baguzwe n’ubutegetsi buriho ubu mu Rwanda. Uko byaje kugaragara kuri aba bayobozi bose, uwa FDU-Inkingi, uw’Ishema ry’u Rwanda na Twagiramungu, wiyamamazaga ku giti cye, ni uko bose barenganaga. Ingabire yahise afungwa, akatirwa igifungo cy’imyaka 15, Twagiramungu arokokera gereza ku muryango wayo, naho Padiri Nahimana abuzwa n’ubutegetsi bwa FPR, inshuro ebyiri zose, kwinjira mu gihugu.
Mu mwaka wa 2017, ubwo Diane Rwigara we yashakaga kwiyamamaza, abahagarariye aya mashyaka baciye undi muvuno. Aba, mu biganiro byabo umuntu yumvaga basa n’abashyigikiye ku mugaragaro uyu mwari, bataranamenya programme politique y’ishyaka rye.
Gushyigikira Diane Rwigara w’umututsikazi bikaba, wenda kuri bo, biri muri wa muco w’abahutu wo guhakwa ku batutsi cyangwa kwigura, no kwiyeza ku byaha bitandukanye ubutegetsi bw’i Kigali bamwe muri bo bubashinja. Kanda hano mu nsi, wumve ikiganiro mugenzi wanjye, Tharcisse Semana, yagiranye na madamu Prudencienne na Jean-Damascène Ntaganzwa. Uyu asobanura neza impamvu bamwe mu bagize ayo mashyaka badashobora kumvikana, no kudashyigikirana, n’ubwo baba bari mu ishyaka rimwe, kubera ko batahunze ibibazo bimwe.
Igiteye impungenge n’isoni muri abo banyamashyaka, kikaba ari ikingiki : ko kimwe na Diane Rwigara, Sankara na we ari umututsi utavanze (Kanda hano mu ibara ry’ubururu, utege amatwi nyir’ubwite uko abyivugira, mu kiganiro yagiranye na Tharcisse Semana. Ni ku munota wa 15: Ukuri k’Ukuri: « Nanze guhakwa […]; Nanze kubaka izina ry’umuntu mu rugamba rw’impinduramatwara ndwanira», Callixte Nsabimana alias Sankara), kuki aba banyamashyaka akorera hanze y’u Rwanda batamushyigikira, kandi yose avuga ko arwanya umwanzi umwe rukumbi, ari we Paul Kagame n’ubutegetsi bwe ?
Igisubizo cy’iki kibazo si jyewe ugitanga. Kiratangwa na Jean-Damascène Ntaganzwa na madame Prudencienne. Ni muri icyo kiganiro bombi bagiranye na Tharcisse Semana.
Ibyo ari byo byose, yaba abo banyamashyaka, yaba Sankara, yaba abanyarwanda bari hanze n’abasigaye mu gihugu, twese uko twakabaye tunyotewe impinduka; ya mpinduka yo gukorera hamwe, no kwirukana sekibi ukomeje kuducura bufuni na buhoro.
Iyo mpinduka duharanira ntizabonekera mu mashyaka y’ibyuka. Ni impinduka izabonekera muri politiki y’ibikorwa, politiki idashingiye ku bigambo gusa.
