05/04/2021, Yanditswe na Amiel Nkuliza
Turi ku wa gatatu, taliki ya 06 mata 1994, ahagana saa mbili n’igice z’umugoroba. Ikirere cy’u Rwanda gitamirije ibihu by’akaga. Inzego zose za Leta y’u Rwanda zimaze gucibwa umutwe. Abanyarwanda muri rusange, nubwo bari bamaze imyaka ine mu nduru y’amashyaka n’amasasu, bari bafite umukuru w’igihugu utari ugize icyo abatwaye. Uyu amaze kwicwa, arasiwe mu ndege yari imuvanye i Dar-es-salaam ho muri Tanzaniya, aho yari yahuriye na bagenzi be b’Uburundi, na Uganda.
Abakuru b’ibi bihugu – Yoweri Kaguta Museveni wa Uganda, Cyprien Ntaryamira w’Uburundi, na Yuvenali Habyarimana w’u Rwanda – ngo bigiraga hamwe uburyo umutekano w’ibihugu byabo wasagamba, ariko cyane cyane umutekano w’u Rwanda rwari rumaze imyaka ine mu ntambara hagati y’ingabo za Leta n’iza FPR-Inkotanyi.
Ijoro ry’icuraburindi
Mu gitondo cy’uwa 07 mata 1994, abenshi muri twe turi mu rujijo. Turimo abakeka ko urupfu rwa Perezida Habyarimana rushobora gukemura ibibazo bya politiki byari bisanzwe mu gihugu, nyamara icyizere cyacu ni cya kindi kiraza amasinde. Amasezerano ya Arusha, yari aherutse gushyirwaho umukono taliki ya 03 kanama 1993, turimo benshi twizera ko agiye gushyirwa mu bikorwa. Ni amasezerano yari ashingiye ku igabana ry’ubutegetsi, hagati y’impande zombi zarwanaga: FPR-Inkotanyi na Leta y’u Rwanda.
Ku mizindaro (micros) ya Radiyo RTLM, Habimana Evariste, alias Kantano, arimo kwatsa umuriro. Aremeza ko ibyari amasezerano ya Arusha, byose bihindutse ibipapuro. Mu mvugo ye, arashimangira ko perezida Habyarimana amaze kwicwa n’inyenzi, kuri we izo nyenzi zikaba ari abatutsi aho bava bakagera, baba abateye u Rwanda kuva mu ukwakira 1990, n’abari basanzwe mu gihugu. Valeriya Bemeriki na we aratera indirimbo imwe na mugenzi we Kantano kuri iyo radiyo rutwitsi RTLM. Ibizakurikira iyo mpuruza y’abo banyamakuru bombi, ni umutekano ubarirwa ku mashyi.
Bamwe mu basirikari basanzwe babarizwa mu barindaga umukuru w’igihugu (Garde présidentielle) batangiye gusimbuka ikigo cya gisirikari (camp Kigali). Ngabariya barimo gukwirakwiza imbunda mu nkundarubyino zirunze aho hose ku ma bariyeri. Baba abo basirikari, baba izo mburamukoro, bose bariye karungu. Intero n’inyikirizo ni imwe rukumbi: guhiga inyenzi aho zihishe hose, kuko ni zo zimaze kwica «umubyeyi».
Uyu mwera, ushobora kuba uturutse i bukuru, ni wo utumye mu kanya nk’ako guhumbya, imirambo y’inzirakarengane z’abatutsi yuzura ku muhanda witiriwe Papa Pawulo wa gatandatu (Avenue Paul VI).
Nguko uko u Rwanda rwinjiye mu ijoro ry’icuraburindi, icuraburindi rizakurikirwa n’ibyiswe «Itsembabwoko n’itsembatsemba», maze mu ndimi z’amahanga byitwe «Génocide rwandais». Iyi nyito yo mu gifaransa izaganza vuba na bwangu imvugo-ncurano «Itsembabwoko n’itsembatsemba», bityo hinjire mu mitwe y’abantu no mu mvugo yabo ya buri munsi «Jenoside nyarwanda», ariko na none iyi nyito izasimburwe n’indi ya «Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi».
Inyito zivuguruzanya
Ku wa 19 nyakanga 1994, Leta ya FPR, irarahiye. Iyi Leta, yiyise «Leta y’ubumwe bw’abanyarwanda», iyobowe na Faustin Twagiramungu, minisitiri w’Intebe, wari usanzwe yanditse mu masezerano ya Arusha. Zimwe mu ntambara zikomeye uyu mugabo agiye kurwana, zirimo no kwemeza inyito ya nyayo ya jenoside, imaze kwemezwa n’iyo Leta ayoboye.
Nyuma y’impaka za ngo turwane, Leta ya FPR isanze igomba kwemeza ko inyito ya nyayo ari «Jenoside nyarwanda-génocide rwandais». Ibi bisobanura ko jenoside yabaye mu Rwanda itareba abatutsi gusa, cyane cyane ko hari n’abahutu yari imaze guhitana, barimo abanyapolitiki n’abaturage basanzwe. Byumvikane ariko na none ko iyi nyito itazashimisha agatsiko k’abatutsi b’intagondwa, bavuga rikijyana mu butegetsi bwa FPR-Inkotanyi.
Hagati aho Twagiramungu n’abari bamushyigikiye muri ya Leta baringa yiyise «Leta y’ubumwe bw’abanyarwanda» baranyonyombye, bazinze uturago, barahunze. Bamwe muri abo, nka Seth Sendashonga, wari minisitiri w’Ubutegetsi bw’igihugu, bazakurikiranwa n’abicanyi b’ubutegetsi bamaze guhunga, bicirwe iyo mu buhungiro. Abasigaye muri ya «Leta baringa y’ubumwe bw’abanyarwanda» bararuciye bararumira; muri make bahindutse ibiragi.
Agatsiko k’iterabwoba ka FPR gasanze noneho kagomba guhindura umuvuno mu kwihutisha ibintu, kakumvisha ibyo biragi ko ya nyito igomba guhindurwa vuba na bwangu. Kabinyujije muri Ibuka (umuryango wo kurengera abacitse ku icumu), inyito nshya ibatijwe «Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi-génocide contre les tutsi».
Iyi nyito ubwayo, mu by’ukuri ntacyo yari itwaye, kuko n’ubundi byari bisanzwe bizwi ko abatutsi ari bo bahigwaga kurusha bagenzi babo b’abahutu n’abatwa. Nyamara intumbero y’iyo nyito ni iyindi: gutera ubwoba no guhungeta abahutu iyo bava bakagera, no kwerekana ko nta muhutu n’umwe wishwe mu gihe cya génocide yo muri 94.
Ikindi kihishe inyuma y’iyi nyito nshya, ni ukumvisha isi yose n’abazavuka nyuma, ko abahutu bose ari abicanyi muri kamere yabo. Ibi bizatsindagirwa no gushyiraho gahunda ya Leta, yiswe «Ndi umunyarwanda», aho n’abana b’abahutu, bari bataravuka mu gihe cya jenoside, bagomba guhora bubitse umutwe, bakebaguza, banapfukamira bagenzi babo b’abatutsi, basaba imbabazi z’icyaha batigeze bakora. Muri make, gahunda ya ”Ndi umunyarwanda” ishyiriweho guhungeta abahutu no kugirango, aho bari hose, bajye bahora biyumva mo ko bavukanye «icyaha cy’inkomoko».
Nyamara burya, ibibazo byose ngo bihimwa n’amateka. Iyi nyito nshya ya ”jenoside yakorewe abatutsi”, jye nita gashozantambara hagati y’abahutu n’abatutsi, abayirwaniye muri kiriya gihe, ni na bo uyu munsi bongeye gusubirana mo.
Leta ya FPR, yafatwaga nk’umukiza wari waje gukiza abatutsi ngo badashira, uyu munsi irimo kubahinga mo ubudehe. Mu bakekwa ko bashobora kuba bakorana n’ ”abanzi b’igihugu”, bose barimo kwicwa umugenda. Barimo n’abahunga igihugu, abadafite uburyo bwo guhunga, bakicwa bahagaze. Rwigara Assinapoli, wafashije ubwo butegetsi burimo kubica urubozo, yishwe muri gashyantare 2015. Urupfu rw’uyu munyemari rwaje guca umugongo abacikacumu, ndavuga abatutsi bose, mu gihe bakisanasana urwa Kizito Mihigo rwongera gukomeretsa ibikomere, bari bagipfukapfuka.
Ukwicwa k’uyu mucuranzi w’icyamamare kwateje impagarara, ndetse gutera impungenge abamukundaga bose, baba abacikacumu n’abatemerewe kuba bo. Muri abo bacikacumu barimo Aimable Karasira, watinyutse kujya kumushyingura kandi byari bibujijwe, madame Yvonne Idamange Iryamugwiza ubifungiwe, Diane Ishimwe na Adeline Rwigara, imbaga y’abakirisitu ba Kiliziya gatolika yo mu Rwanda, na njye ubwanjye, udafite uburenganzira bwo kwibuka abanjye no kwitwa ”umucikacumu”!
Ingaruka z’amateka
Abacikacumu, bibwiraga ko ubutegetsi bwa FPR bwagiriyeho kubarinda imihoro y’abahutu, uyu munsi bamaze kubona ko ibyo berekwaga byari amashyengo, amakinamico, n’amareshyamugeni. Ukuri bamaze kwihera ijisho, ni uko ubwo butegetsi bitaga ubwabo, bwari bugamije mu by’ukuri kubahuma amaso no kubamara. Uru si urubwa, si no gusebanya, kuko ibimenyetso birimo kwigaragaza umunsi ku wundi.
Ku nshuro ngarukamwaka ya 26 y’icyunamo mu mwaka ushize wa 2020, perezida Paul Kagame yatunguye benshi mu bacikacumu, ubwo muri iyo mihango yirinze gukoresha inyito bari bamenyereye ya «jenoside yakorewe abatutsi», ahubwo agakoresha ijambo «amahano » yagwiriye u Rwanda. Abacikacumu bongeye na none gutungurwa, ubwo mu minsi ishize, aganira n’igitangazamakuru cyo muri Amerika, perezida Kagame yatangazaga ko muri ayo «mahano » yo muri 94, hapfuye mo n’abahutu, atavuze umubare wabo, uwabishe n’icyo ateganya ko bakorerwa, mu rwego rwo kubibuka no gufasha ababo basigaye. Ijambo riteye ritya, ritigeze na rimwe riva mu kanwa ka Paul Kagame, kuva yafata ubutegetsi, nta gushidikanya ko ryateye ipfunwe abacikacumu, aho bava bakagera.
Mu mpera z’ukwezi kwa kabiri 2021, abacikacumu bongeye gutungurwa, ubwo uhagarariye u Rwanda mu Bubiligi, ambasaderi Sebashongore, na we yunze mu rya shebuja, atangaza ko génocide yo muri 94 itahitanye abatutsi gusa, ko n’abahutu, atavuze umubare, na bo bayiguye mo.
Kuvugira iryo jambo ku butaka bw’Ububiligi, butuwe n’abanyarwanda barenga ibihumbi mirongo itatu, abenshi muri bo ari abahutu, bifite icyo bisobanuye. Ububiligi ni umurwa mukuru w’ibihugu by’i Burayi (capitale de l’Union européenne). Icyo gihugu gifite n’uruhare rukomeye mu bindi bihugu byicecekeye ubwo inyito ya ”jenoside yakorewe abatutsi” yashyirwaga ahagaragara. Ububiligi buri no mu bihugu bikomeye mu bishyiraho ubutegetsi mu bihugu bya Afurika byakoronijwe n’icyo gihugu. Ibindi mwibaza kuri aba ba gashakabuhake, batugenera gupfa no gukira, uruhare ni urwanyu rwo kugira icyo mubibyaza mo.
Ni na byiza kwibaza impamvu, nyuma y’ijambo rya ambasaderi Sebashongore, ritagombye gukoreshwa n’umuntu uri mu rwego nk’urwe, guverinoma y’u Rwanda itamuhamagaje (rappel) ngo asobanure iby’icyo gisasu yari amaze kujugunya mu mfuruka z’abacikacumu. Kuba nta cyakozwe na Leta y’agatsiko, ni uko ibyatangajwe n’uyu mukozi mukuru wa Leta y’u Rwanda biri mu murongo wayo.
Igihirahiro mu muvuno wa politiki
Perezida Paul Kagame, watangaje bwa mbere iyo mvugo y’uko n’abahutu bishwe muri jenoside yo muri 94, yateje igihirahiro mu bacikacumu ndetse abajugunya mo igisasu cya kirimbuzi. ”Ibuka” n’indi miryango iyishamikiyeho, ubu yose yaguye mu gahundwe. Ntizi neza icyo igomba gukora n’icyo igomba kureka kuri iyi nshuro ya 27 yo kwibuka jenoside, icyita ko yakorewe abatutsi. Iyo miryango yose ihagarariye abacitse ku icumu rya jenoside, nta gushidikanya ko itegereje ijambo nyamukuru rizavugwa na perezida Kagame – niba akiriho – kuko ni we wenyine ugomba gutanga umurongo iyo miryango izagenderaho mu bihe bizaza.
Ibi bikaba byenda gusa n’uko ibirimo kuba muri politiki y’u Rwanda rw’uyu munsi, politiki mu by’ukuri yari yubakiye kuri jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, birimo guhindura umuvuno wa politiki y’ubutegetsi bwa FPR-Inkotanyi.
Abatutsi batangiye kumva cyangwa gukeka ko ishyamba ritakiri ryeru, mu gihe abahutu bo, muri bwa bupfayongo bwabo, bashobora kuba barimo kwitera ijeki, bibeshya ko wenda bagiye kudohorerwa ku cyaha cya jenoside, cyabitirirwaga bose. Uko iki cyaha cyabonwaga, haba mu butegetsi no mu bwoko bw’abahutu ubwabo, ni uko bagombaga guhora bazingije (frustrés), bakiyumva mo ko ari abicanyi ruharwa, kuva k’uwariho ubwo jenoside yabaga n’uwavutse uyu munsi. Ibi nta n’ibanga ribirimo kuko byashyizwe mu bikorwa n’ubutegetsi bw’agatsiko, ubwo bwashyiraga ahagaragara gahunda ya Leta bwise ”Ndi umunyarwanda”, yakomojweho haruguru.
Iyi gahunda mu by’ukuri yasabaga buri muhutu kwemera icyaha no kugisabira imbabazi, bamwe mu bayobozi bo mu bwoko bw’abahutu bakaba baranabishyize mu bikorwa, mu gihe rubanda ya giseseka yo yanze gusaba izo mbabazi, itewe akanyabugabo n’abanyapolitiki batavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi, bakorera hanze y’igihugu.
Kuba hari abahutu benshi banze gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda ya ”Ndi umunyarwanda”, nkeka ko ari byo birimo gutuma ubutegetsi bwa FPR burimo guca undi muvuno, bukareba neza icyatuma bugusha neza abo bahutu, no kubarema agatima ko imiryango yabo yishwe n’ingabo za FPR itazize kwihorera, ko n’iyo byaba byo, igihe noneho kigeze ko amoko yombi yicanye yiyunga, umunyarwanda akaba umwe, aho kwiyumva mo ubwoko ubu n’ubu. Nta we uvuma iritararenga, ni ukubitega amaso.
Ibyitezwe uyu munsi twitegura inshuro ya 27 y’icyunamo, bikaba ari ukumenya niba umuvuno urimo gucibwa n’ubutegetsi bwa FPR ari uwo kugarurira koko abahutu icyizere cyangwa niba ari icyumvirizo kirimo kujugunywa mu mitwe y’abacitse ku icumu, icyumvirizo cyo kumenya icyo batekereza ku gitero simusiga, ubutegetsi bitaga ubwabo, bumaze kubagabaho.
Nyamara na none, sinkeka ko hari igihindutse cyane mu buryo ubutegetsi bwa FPR bwafataga abanyarwanda bo mu bwoko bw’abahutu n’uruhare rwabo muri jenoside yo muri 94. Agahenge nkeka ko aba babona, ni ako kubarema agatima, kuborohereza ingoyi bari baziritseho, n’icyasha bagendanaga kuva mu myaka 26 ishize.
Biranakwiye kwemera cyangwa gukeka ko iyi mivuno yose ubutegetsi bwa FPR burimo guca, ishingiye k’ukujijisha amahanga ubu arimo kubutera imijugujugu, no gushaka kwereka ababurwanya ko bufite ubushake mu gushakisha uburyo abanyarwanda bose ngo baba umwe, ntibakomeze kuryana no kurebana ay’ingwe. Ibi na byo ni ukubitega yombi.
Nyamara ibi ntibinavuze ko ubutegetsi bwa FPR bwiteguye gufungura inzira ya demukarasi kugirango n’andi mashyaka ashobore gukorera mu gihugu no kugira uruhare mu isangira ry’ubutegetsi bushingiye kuri demukarasi.
Byumvikane kandi ko inyito ubwayo y’uko jenoside itazongera kwitwa ”jenoside yakorewe abatutsi”, na byo bidahindura imyumvire y’abafite ubutegetsi uyu munsi. Icyaba gihindutse gato ni nko koroshya ingoyi yari iziritse abahutu kugira ngo base n’ababonye agahenge ko gutuza no gutekana mu mitima yabo, yagendanaga ibikomere bidashira.
Aha ariko nta n’uwabura kwishimira ko iyi ntambwe iramutse itewe, hakwandikwa amateka mashya ya jenoside yabaye mu gihugu cyacu, ukuri nyako kukajya ahagaragara, ukuri gushingiye ahanini ku bayiteje n’inyungu bari bayifite mo.
Mbifurije mwese Pasika nziza, mbatura n’ako karirimbo ka Mutagatifu Kizito Mihigo, katwibutsa izuka rya Yezu Kristu, watubambiwe ku musaraba.
