31/03/2017, yanditswe na Jean-Claude Mulindahabi
Kuki abanyarwanda bakomeje kubusanya ku Mateka bahuriyeho ? U Rwanda ruzategereza igisekuru cy’ubutaha, kugira ngo abana barwo bavuge Amateka amwe ku gihugu cyabo? Kuki bidashoboka uyu munsi? Ni kuki isura y’ikibazo nyirizina ijya ku karubanda by’umwihariko mu gihugu cy’Ububiligi? Mbere yo kwinjira mu ngingo ikubiye mu mutwe w’iyi nyandiko, ni byiza kubanza kwibukiranya ibintu by’ingenzi bifite aho bihuriye na jenoside cyane cyane ku gihugu nk’u Rwanda. Ni ngombwa gusobanukirwa neza icyo jenoside bivuga. Jenoside ireba abanyarwanda yemejwe ryari yemejwe na nde? Byagenze bite ngo yongererwe icyuzuzo cyangwa indango (le qualificatif)? Impaka cyangwa ibyo abanyarwanda batavugaho rumwe muri iki gihe bishingiye kuki? Ukuri ni ukuhe?
Jenoside ni iki?
Nk’uko inzobere, ndetse n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye, LONI, ubisobanura, jenoside ni icyaha cy’ubwicanyi bugambiriwe, bukibasira abantu bitewe n’icyo baricyo, hagamijwe kubarimbura bose cyangwa igice cyabo, byaba bishingiye ku bwoko, idini, cyangwa aho bakomoka. Jenoside iba igamije kuvanaho (gutsemba), cyangwa se kubuza abantu runaka kongera kororoka bitewe gusa n’icyo baricyo. Ubwo bwicanyi buhitana abakuru n’abana, bukanahitana ibitsina byombi. Nk’uko bigaragargara, ni icyaha gikubiyemo ubugome bw’indengakamere, aho igice cy’abantu runaka gicirirwa gukenyuka kubera gusa ziriya mpamvu zivuzwe hejuru bahuriyeho. Mu gisobanuro cya jenoside, hanongerwamo ko ari igikorwa gitegurwa (planification).
Mu rwego rwo gukumira iki cyaha ndengakamere, Umuryango LONI, warushijeho kwerekana ibimenyetso bikiranga mu masezerano mpuzamahanga yo ku itariki ya 9 Ukuboza 1948, mu ngingo ya kabiri hagira hati :
« jenoside irangwa n’igikorwa cyose kigamije kurimbura hashingiwe ku cyo abantu bahuriyeho (ubwoko, idini, inkomoko, …) kabone n’iyo byaba ari ukurimbura igice kimwe cy’abo bantu. Jenoside igerwaho binyuze mu bikorwa bikurikira byibasira igice cy’abantu runaka:
-Ubwicanyi
– Kuzahaza umubiri, cyangwa iyozabwonko ritesha abantu gutekereza, ntibabashe gukoresha neza ubwenge bwabo
-Gupyinagaza no gutuma bantu bakurikira buhumyi ugira ngo ubakoreshe icyo wishakiye
-Kugira abantu ingumba cyangwa kubabuza kubyara bitewe n’icyo baricyo
– Kwigarurira abana b’igice runaka, bakagabirwa abandi
Cyakora hari impaka hagati y’inzobere mu mategeko ku gisobanuro cyagutse cy’ijambo jenoside, ndetse hari n’abatemera ibisobanuro bijya kure y’inyito ihinnye. Ni ho usanga, abantu badashyira mu rwego rwa jenoside, ubwicanyi bwakozwe na ba Staline, Mao, Pol Pot cyangwa ba Mengistu kuko ngo ubwo bwicanyi ndengakamere bwari bushingiye ku bakora politiki, abakoraga mu nzego izi n’izi cyangwa ngo bikaba byari bishingiye ku mibereho runaka y’abantu. Hagati aho, byakwitwa jenoside, bitakwitwa yo, byose ni ibikorwa by’ubunyamaswa bidakwiye ikiremwamuntu.
Jenoside yemezwa ite ? Yemezwa na nde ?
Nk’uko bisobanurwa n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga yo gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside, Urukiko rubifitiye ububasha ni rwo rushobora kwemeza ko icyaha runaka ari jenoside. LONI ubwayo, si yo yemeza jenoside, dore ko nta n’imirimo muri LONI igenewe kwemeza ikintu nk’icyo. Cyakora hari inzego zishyirwaho na LONI zishobora kugira icyo zivuga ku bibazo nk’iki, nk’uko bishobora no gukorwa n’inzego z’ubutabera mu gihugu iki n’iki ariko zigashingira ku mahameremezo yavuzwe na LONI. Ni muri ubwo buryo LONI yashyizeho Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha (CPI, Cour pénale internationale) rufite icyicaro i La Haye mu Buholande. Uretse uru rukiko, ni no muri ubwo buryo hari ibihugu bifite inkiko zifite ububasha bwo gukurikirana ibyaha ndengakamere nk’icya jenoside. Umuntu yavuga nk’Ubufaransa, Ububiligi, Ubusuwisi, Ubuholandi, Kanada n’ibindi.
Ariya masezerano mpuzamahanga avuzwe hejuru, asobanura ko kubera uburemere bwa jenoside, nta muntu n’umwe ufite ubudahangarwa, yaba umuyobozi, yaba uyoborwa, kandi kiriya cyaha, ni icyaha kidasaza.
Ku bireba u Rwanda, mu rwego mpuzamahanga, jenoside yavuzweho na Komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu muri LONI tariki ya 28 Kamena 1994. By’umwihariko, iyo jenoside yemejwe n’Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha ku Rwanda, rwashyizweho na LONI mu mwanzuro N°955 watowe n’Akanama ka LONI gashinzwe umutekano ku isi ku itariki ya 08 Ugushyingo 1994. Uru rukiko ni na rwo rwashimangiye icyaha cya jenoside cyakorewe mu Rwanda, mu rubanza rwa Jean Paul Akayezu, tariki ya 2 Nzeli 1998, ubwo rwamuhamyaga jenoside. Cyakora byafashe igihe kinini kugira ngo mu rwego mpuzamahanga bive ku nyito ya jenoside nyarwanda (génocide rwandais), bigere kuri jenoside yakorewe abatutsi (Génocide perpétré contre les Tutsi). Mu mwanzuro N°2150 wo ku itariki ya 16 Mata 2014 (ni ukuvuga nyuma y’imyaka isaga 20), nibwo LONI yatangiye gukoresha inyito y’iki gihe. Hagati aho, ubutegetsi bw’u Rwanda na bwo, bwahindaguye kenshi inyito y’iki cyaha, bikaba bituma abantu babibona nk’ikimenyetso cy’imyumvire iteye urujijo. Habanje gukoreshwa “Itsembatsemba n’itsembabwoko”, nyuma abategetsi basaba ko hakoreshwa ijambo “Itsembabwoko”, bidateye kabiri bati dukoreshe “jenoside”, noneho ahagana mu w’2009, bemeza ko hakoreshwa inyito: “jenoside yakorewe abatutsi”. Hari abavuga ko, uko inyito yagiye ihindurwa, byatanze isura kuri bamwe ko hari inzirakarengane zishwe zavanywe mu nyito nyrizina. Ibintu nk’ibi na byo bifite uburemere, ku buryo kumenya ukuri kwabyo, no kukumvikanaho, bisaba ko abanyarwanda bicarana bagasasa inzobe.
Umuhakanyi wa jenoside (négationniste) arangwa ni iki? Gupfobya jenoside byo bivuga iki?
Uhakana jenoside ni uwemeza ko itabaye kandi yarabaye. Gupfobya jenoside ni ukatayiha uburemere ikwiye. Urugero, nk’uwashaka kuyigereranya n’urupfu rw’abagwa ku rugamba bahanganye mu ntambara. Hagati aho, hari abibutsa ko, hari igihe abanditsi cyangwa abatanga ibitekerezo batwerererwa kuba “négationnistes” bitewe gusa no kutabona ibintu kimwe n’abanyabubasha bari ku butegetsi. Ni gute umuntu wemera ko habayeho jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, bahindukira bakamwita “négationniste”? Abakurikiranira hafi ibikorwa by’ubwicanyi ndengakamere bwakorewe abanyarwanda bigambiriwe (barimo umubiligi Filip Reyntjens) bemeza ko “négationistes” ari abahakana jenoside yakorewe abatutsi ikozwe n’intagondwa z’interahamwe na bamwe mu basirikare ba ex-FAR. Abo kandi, banongeraho ko iyo nyito (négationistes) ikwiye no guhabwa abahakana ubwicanyi bwibasiye inyokomuntu, ubwicanyi ndengakamere bwakorewe abahutu bigambiriwe haba mu Rwanda haba no muri Kongo, bikozwe n’ingabo za APR zari zikuriwe na Jenerali Paul Kagame. Ubu bwicanyi “mapping report” ya LONI ikaba ivuga ko Urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rushobora kwemeza ko ari jenoside ruhereye ku bimenyetso bitangwamo.
Professeur Filip Reyntjens
Filip Reyntjens akomoza ku bakwiye kwitwa “négationistes” abivuga gutya mu gifaransa:
« Ceux qui renient ou minimisent le génocide perpétré contre des Tutsi sont appelés à juste titre négationnistes ou révisionnistes. Les mêmes qualificatifs doivent désigner ceux qui tentent de nier ou contester les crimes de guerre et crimes contre l’humanité commis par l’APR sur les civils au Rwanda et en RDC. Quels que soient les auteurs de ces crimes, ils doivent être traduits en justice pour éviter que cela ne se reproduise plus jamais. »
Muri iki gihe hari abanyamahanga n’abanyarwanda bagikoresha inyito “génocide rwandais”, ni ukuvuga “jenoside nyarwanda” cyangwa “jenoside yakorewe abanyarwanda”. Ababikoresha basobanura y’uko bashingira ko iyo jenoside yahitanye abanyarwanda bo mu bwoko bwose. Iyi nyito ikomatanya iherutse kongera kuvuguruzwa, mu kiganiro cyakoreshejwe na Ibuka (Umuryango uharanira inyungu z’abacitse ku icumu) i Buruseli mu Bubiligi, hari tariki ya 24 Wururwe, aho mu rurimi rw’igifaransa Dr Jean Mukimbiri na Ambasaderi Olivier Nduhungirehe bashimangiye ko inyito ari “jenoside yakorewe abatutsi”. Urebye bashingira ku mpamvu zakomojweho hejuru hariya mu nyandiko, ahashimangiwe ko hari inzirakarengane z’abanyarwanda zishwe zizira gusa ko ari abatutsi.
Dr Jean Mukimbiri na Amb. Olivier Nduhungirehe:
Muri iki gihe, abanyarwanda bafite myumvire ki kuri “jenoside”?
Hejuru hano, twabonye igisobanuro cy’ijambo “jenoside”. Umuntu akurikije icyo gisobanuro, nta gushidikanya, jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yabayeho. Bishwe bazira ubwoko bwabo, hicwa abana, hicwa abakuru, hicwa ibitsina byombi. Kuba Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha ku Rwanda (TPIR) rutarigeze rwemeza ko yateguwe, hari impuguke zemeza ko kwita kiriya cyaha jenoside ngo atari byo, kubera uburyo n’impamvu cyakozwe nk’uko byavuzweho hariya hejuru. Hari n’izindi mpuguke zishingira kuri icyo zikavuga ko kuba urwo rukiko rutaragaragaje ko yateguwe bihindura inyito yagakoreshejwe kuri ubwo bwicanyi. Impuguke mu mategeko nka Prof. Charles Kambanda ni uko zibibona. Iki kibazo gifite uburemere, ku buryo bisaba ubuhanga n’ubushishozi no kutagendera gusa ku marangamutima, ahubwo hakagenderwa ku byabaye n’icyo amategeko ateganya. Umunyamakuru, Didas Gasana, wanize Amategeko (Droit) muri kaminuza, yabikozeho isesengura agendeye ku gisobanuro gitangwa na LONI. Iyo nyandiko ye yasohotse ku itariki ya 13 Mata 2016, muri “The Rwandan” , iri mu rurimi rw’icyongereza. Uyu munyamakuru w’inararibonye, yigeze no kwibaza ati: “ubu bwicanyi bwo mu Rwanda muri 94, ntibusanzwe, ku buryo bunarenze inyito ya jenoside, ati none se ko muri icyo gihe hari abahutu bishe abatutsi bakica n’abahutu, muri icyo gihe hakaba abatutsi bishe abatusi bakica n’abahutu, ati mwumva byoroshye kubibonera inyito mu zitangwa kugeza ubu”?
Prof. Charles Kambanda:
Imyumvire ya jenoside ireba igihugu cy’u Rwanda iracyagoranye cyane kandi ntibigoye gusa abanyamahanga, ahubwo ntibinoroshye ku banyarwanda ubwabo. Vuba aha, abanyarwanda banyuranye, barimo n’abahoze muri FPR Inkotanyi basobanuye ko hanabayeho jenoside yakorewe abahutu. Hari nka Dr Théogène Rudasingwa wabaye umunyamabanga mukuru wa FPR Inkotanyi ndetse akaba n’umuyobozi mukuru w’ibiro bya Perezida Paul Kagame. Aganira na Radiyo BBC, Dr Rudasingwa avuga ko nubwo nta rukiko rurayemeza, ariko ko rutayemeza mu gihe abanyarwanda ubwabo bazi ibyabaye, badafashe iya mbere ngo begeranye ibimenyetso babishyire ahabona, ndetse babigeze no mu nkiko. Yongeraho ko, n’urwo rukiko rwashingira ku byagaragajwe n’abanyarwanda, rukabona kuyemeza. Avuga ko nubwo abo ashinja ko bayikoze, ari abo bahoranye muri FPR, ko adatinya kujya imbere y’urukiko kuvuga ibyo azi neza.
Uko Dr Théogène Rudasingwa abisobanura:
Jonathan Musonera wabaye mu ngabo za FPR Inkotanyi kugeza mu w’2000 ava mu Rwanda, na we yunga mu rya Dr Rudasingwa ndetse akavuga ko ibyo avuga byose abifitiye ibimenyetso kuko yabonye henshi mu habereye ibikorwa yita jenoside yakorewe abahutu. Ari we, ari na Dr Rudasingwa, bavuga ko bafite amazina y’abari ku isonga muri iyo jenoside bemeza ko yakorewe abahutu b’abanyarwanda, ndetse bakavuga ko uwari ukuriye abandi ari Jenerali Paul Kagame, uyobora u Rwanda muri iki gihe.
Uko Jonathan Musonera yabisobanuriye BBC:
Kuki bamwe batekereza gutangira icyunamo tariki ya 06 Mata, abandi tariki ya 7 Mata?
Ubutegetsi bw’u Rwanda muri iki gihe, butangiza icyunamo no kwibuka tariki ya 07 Mata, busobanura ko impamvu ari nta yindi, ko ari uko ubwicanyi bwakorewe abatutsi bwatangiye ku itariki ya 07 Mata 1994. Abatangira icyunamo no kwibuka tariki ya 06 Mata, bo bavuga ko babishingira ko, ari yo tariki y’imbarutso yatumye jenoside itangira, ubwo habaga igikorwa cy’iterabwoba cy’iraswa ry’indege yahitanye Perezida Yuvenali Habyalimana n’abo bari kumwe. Aha, hari ikintu gikwiye gutekerezwaho mu bushishozi na buri wese. Ruriya Rukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha ku Rwanda, rwemeje ko iraswa ry’iriya ndege ari imbarutso (nyirabayazana, catalyseur ou élément déclencheur du génocide). Niba TPIR, yemeza ko iki gikorwa cy’iterabwoba ari cyo mbarutso ya jenoside, abibaza ko itariki cyabereyeho ari na yo ntangiriro y’ayo mahano yabaye mu Rwanda baba bibeshya? Hagati aho, kugira ngo hatagira abitiranya ibintu, birakwiye ko byumvikana neza ko jenoside ubwayo yakuruwe n’inzangano n’urwikekwe byari byarabibwe mu banyarwanda, noneho iraswa ry’indege ryo rikaba igikorwa nk’icyo gukoza agati mu ntozi. Jenerali Kayumba Nyamwasa ni uko abisobanura, iyo ashinja Jenerali Paul Kagame ko ngo ari we watanze amabwiriza yo kurasa iriya ndege. Nyamwasa avuga ko kiriya gikorwa cyabaye nko gukongeza umuriro. Ushaka kumva uko abisobanura yareba “Rwanda’s untold story”. Abatangira kwibuka tariki ya 06 Mata ntibiyumvisha ukuntu hari uwasobanura ko itariki yo kurasa iriya ndege nta ho ihuriye na jenoside. Na ho abatangira kwibuka ku ya 07 Mata, bo bakavuga ko bahera ku munsi abatutsi batangiye kwicwa. Ese izi mpande zombi zizabyumvikanaho ari uko Yezu (Yesu) yagarutse? Cyangwa bizasaba ubwiyoroshye no gushyira mu gaciro kw’abanyarwanda batagendera mu moko.
Mu Bubiligi ni ho imiterere y’ikibazo ijya ku karubanda!
Ububiligi ni kimwe bihugu birimo abanyarwanda benshi (bivugwa ko bagera hafi ku bihumbi 40). Muri iki gihugu, cyigeze gukoloniza u Rwanda, bamwe mu banyarwanda ni impunzi. Abanyarwanda bahatuye bavuga ntacyo bikanga, bakavuga ibibari ku mutima. Ntibatinya kugaya ibyo babona bitagenda neza mu Rwanda. Izo mpunzi zivuga ko kugeza ubu, Abambasaderi bahashyirwa ngo bahagararire igihugu batabasha gukwiza umwuka w’ubwumvikane n’ubworoherane hagati y’abanyarwanda batabona ibintu kimwe. Banongeraho ko kuyobora ambasade yo mu Bubiligi, bisaba ubuhanga, ubushishozi n’umutima; ngo kuyoherezwamo ubuze kimwe muri ibi, ni uguta inyuma ya Huye. Ngo iyo bigeze mu gihe cy’icyunamo biba ibindi, kuko ngo haza umwuka mubi.
Bamwe mu banyarwanda batuye mu Bubiligi bavuga ko ubutegetsi bw’u Rwanda bugifite umurimo utoroshye kuko uburyo butegura kwibuka n’icyunamo, hari ababibonamo urujijo no kutita ku miterere y’ibyabaye byose. Ibi rero, niba bitaganiriweho mu mucyo, abanyarwanda bazahora mu cyeragati no kutumvikana ku Mateka yabo, kandi mu by’ukuri, Amateka ntawuyacura cyangwa ngo ayahimbe kuko Amateka ashingira gusa ku byabayeho (les faits).
Imyumvire itandukanye mu banyarwanda kuri iki kibazo, iganisha no gukora icyunamo no kwibuka ku buryo busa n’ubutandukanye. Mu Bubiligi, uretse abazatangira icyunamo no kwibuka tariki ya 06 Mata, uretse n’abazagitangira kuya 07 Mata, hari n’abazibuka tariki ya 08 Mata (abo ni abavuga ko habaye jenoside ebyiri), ndetse tariki ya 09 Mata hari n’abandi bazajya mu gitambo cya misa cyo gusabira inzirakarengane zose, ngo batavanguye amoko. Ibi bikorwa byose bizabera i Buruseli. Ku mpera z’iyi nyandiko, turabagezaho amatangazo ane avuga izo gahunda n’abazisinye.
Mu gihe kitarenze icyumweru, abanyarwanda barinjira mu gihe cy’icyunamo no kwibuka inzirakarengane zishwe muri jenoside. Ni ku nshuro ya 23 kuva mu mwaka w’1994. Wakabaye undi mwanya wo guha abanyarwanda bose kwegerana, kuzirikana ku marorerwa yabaye no gufatanyiriza hamwe ingamba zatuma nta bwicanyi bw’inzirakarenagane bwongera kubaho. Uretse na jenoside, n’ibindi bibazo n’ubushyamirane, intambara n’ubwicanyi bigasezererwa burundu. Wakabaye umwanya wo kunga ubumwe no kumva ko abenegihugu bose basangiye u Rwanda, bityo bakibona nk’abavandimwe kuko bose ari bene « Kanyarwanda .» Ari abanyarwanda bari imbere mu gihugu, ari n’abari mu mahanga, bose baribuka. Cyakora nyuma y’imyaka isaga 23, biragaragara ko mu banyarwanda hari ibyo batumva kimwe, ndetse n’Amateka yabo ntibayumve kimwe bose. Hari abanyarwanda badatinya kuvuga kuvuga icyo babitekerezaho, kabone n’iyo byaba bitandukanye n’iby’abategetsi. Muri iyi minsi, bamwe mu banyarwanda bari i Burayi batangaje umunsi n’isaha bazakoreraho igikorwa cyo kwibuka. Ububiligi, ni kimwe mu bihugu birimo abanyarwanda benshi. Muri iki gihugu, ni ho hakunze kugaragara ko uburyo n’amatariki yo kwibukiraho bikirimo impaka. Ese, ubutegetsi bw’u Rwanda bushobora kugira uruhare mu gukemura izo mpaka ku buryo bunogeye abanyarwanda muri rusange?
Joseph Matata, Umuyobozi mukuru w’Ikigo kirwanya umuco wo kudahana no kurenganya mu Rwanda (Centre de Lutte contre l’Impunité et l’Injustice au Rwanda, CLIIR), avuga ko habaye jenoside yakorewe abanyarwanda ngo kuko hishwe abatutsi, hicwa abahutu ndetse n’abatwa. Ngo kuri we kwaba ari ukuvangura no kurenganya bamwe haramutse habaye kwirengangiza ko jenoside yakoze ku moko yose. Ku bw’ibyo, ari mu bakoresha gahunda y’icyunamo no kwibuka bitangira tariki ya 06 Mata buri mwaka, kandi akumva ngo nta mpamvu batanabikorera ku rwibutso ruri i Buruseli mu Bubiligi.
Joseph Matata agira ati:
Umwaka ushize w’2016, abibuka ku itariki ya 06 Mata, bakoreye umuhango ahashyizwe urwibutso mu mugi wa Buruseli, cyakora birakaza cyane abategetsi b’u Rwanda. Hari abasanga Amb. Olivier Nduhungirehe uhagarariye u Rwanda mu Bubiligi yaranakoresheje amagambo akarishye, aho yise bariya bibutse ku itariki ya 06 Mata ko ari abahakanyi, ko kandi ku bw’ibyo, imihango yari yateguwe n’Ambasade itahabera ngo kuko batasangira urwibutso n’abahakanyi.
Icyo gihe yagize ati:« Ntabwo dushobora gusangira urwibutso n’abapfobya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi »
