16/04/2020, Yanditswe na Amiel Nkuliza
Uwaruteje akaga turamuzi. Ni ubutegetsi bubi, bw’abahutu n’abatutsi, nyamara turicecekeye ngo tudakoma rutenderi.
Ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana mbuzi kuva muri nyakanga 1973. Ubwa Kayibanda bwabubanjirije ntacyo mbuvugaho, kuko ntabwo nzi, uretse kububwirwa cyangwa kubusoma mu bitabo. Ababuzi neza bambwira ko ngo bwaharaniraga inyungu za rubanda, inyungu z’abari babugize ngo zikaza nyuma y’izindi. Ubwo nzi cyane bwa Habyarimana bwaranzwe n’irondakoko ndetse n’irondakarere. Ni na bwo nyirabayazana y’ibi byose, ibi twibuka muri iyi minsi y’icuraburindi.
Turi ku wa gatatu, taliki ya 06 Mata 1994, saa mbili n’igice z’umugoroba. Ntuye ku muhanda witiriwe Paul 6, mu Biryogo ho mu mugi wa Kigali. Ni bwo nkigera mu rugo kuko nari ndimo kwikopesha agatama kwa Kamarashavu. Uyu ni umugore w’umututsikazi ufata neza abakiriya bose, abahutu n’abatutsi. Iby’amoko asanzwe asa n’aho atazi aho byerekera kuko bigaragara ko abamugana bose, abakemurira ibibazo, byaba ibishingiye ku nyota cyangwa ibindi bikururwa n’umurengwe wo gushira icyaka.
Ku mirongo ya FM ya radiyo Rwanda na RTLM, ni indirimo za Simoni Bikindi na Boniface Ntawuyirushintege (Twishyize mu maboko yawe Nyagasani) zirimo gucurangwa, zigasimbuzwa n’indirimbo z’agahinda n’amaganya «musique classique» cyangwa «musique de requiem». Bene izo ndirimbo zicurangwa akenshi mu kiliziya iyo hagize mugenzi wacu watuvuye mo, witabye Imana.
Umaze kwitaba Imana ni uwari Perezida w’u Rwanda, Général Major Habyarimana Yuvenali. Kuri micro ya RTLM, Habimana Evariste, alias Kantano, arimo aremeza ko ari inkotanyi zimaze kwica Perezida wa Repubulika, zihanuye indege yari imuvanye i Dar-es-salaam muri Tanzaniya, aho yari avuye mu nama yo kurebera hamwe uko umutekano w’ibihugu byo mu karere (u Rwanda, Tanzaniya, Uburundi, Zayire ndetse na Uganda) wabungabungwa.
Ni inama yagaragaraga mo ibimenyetso by’akaga, kuko Perezida wa Tanzaniya, Ali Hassan Mwinyi, ntako atagize ngo ayikerereze kugirango isoze ibisa n’imirimo yayo mu gicuku. Mugenzi we, Yuvenali Habyarimana, kubera impamvu zigaragara ku maso z’umutekano we, amusabye ko yasubika urugendo rwo gutaha i Kigali, akazataha bukeye, nyamara Hassan Mwinyi aramutsembeye. Kumutsembera si ikindi ni ukugirango ahari igisasu cyateguwe kize kumuhitana, cyitwikiriye ijoro. Ibi birabaye kuko ibindi bisasu Habyarimana yari yaratezwe guhera muri Mutarama 1994, byose byagiye bihusha indege, cyangwa bikaburizwamo, kubera ko ba nyir’ukubirasa babaga babihubukiye cyangwa ba Gashakabuhake batabihaye umugisha.
Ijoro ryo ku wa gatatu, taliki ya 06 Mata rirasa n’icuraburindi. Ni rya joro ridacya, ariko riri bucyane ayandi. Abatutsi bafite uburyo banarihunze mo, kubera ko babona neza ko urupfu rwa Kinani rutari bubasige amahoro.
Abanyamakuru ba RTLM, Valérie Bemeriki na Habimana Kantano, bamaze gutanga ubutumwa ko abishe Habyarimana ari inkotanyi, ndetse bakanagera kure bavuga ko inkotanyi bisobanura abatutsi bamaze imyaka ine bateye u Rwanda n’abari basanzwe mu gihugu bose, bitirirwaga ibyitso byazo. Ntawe utahunga iyi ndirimbo n’inyikirizo y’aba banyamakuru bombi, cyeretse udatinya akaga cyangwa akenda gusa na ko.
Rya joro riracyeye, nyamara koko ricyanye ayandi. Abajepe bo muri «Camp Kigali» barimo kungikanya urufaya rw’amasasu. Barimo kurasa hejuru, abandi bamaze gusimbuka ikigo. Barimo bariyenza kuri buri wese, cyane cyane abo bakeka ko ari abatutsi. Baranatanga imbunda ku bazishaka. Abamaze kwitoza kuzirashisha, hafi aho kwa Simbizi Stanislas, bahise bashinga bariyeri imbere y’irembo kwa Ndayitabi.
Uyu musaza, nubwo ngo ahagarariye interahamwe zo mu Biryogo, ni na we urimo kuzibuza kwica abatutsi. Aba barimo benshi bihishe iwe mu gikari, ndetse bazanaharokokera uko bakabaye. Kwa Ndayitabi ni ahantu hizewe, kuko bamwe muri twe tuzanahabika bimwe mu bikoresho byacu, mbere y’uko duhunga. «Chaine musicale» mbitseyo, umuhungu we Yassin azayinsubiza mpungutse, taliki ya mbere z’ukwa cyenda 1994, nta yandi mananiza.
Intandaro ni ya makimbirane aturanga
Ni amakimbirane aturuka k’ukutumvikana kw’amoko yombi, abahutu n’abatutsi. Aba nta kindi bapfa uretse ubutegetsi. Ubufashe arabwiharira, ntashake kubugabana n’ubundi bwoko, bityo ubwahejwe bukaba gashozantambara.
Iyi gashozantambara itangiye mu myaka ya za 59, ibaye rurangiza muri za 90, ndetse muri 91, hatangiye imishyikirano yo kunga ayo moko yombi kugirango asangire bwa butegetsi ibisambo birwanira mo, bikarangira biteje akaga.
Imishyikirano yo kugabana ubutegetsi itangiriye Arusha muri Tanzaniya. Ni imishyikirano igamije gusaranganya imyanya y’ubutegetsi hagati ya FPR-Inkotanyi, imaze imyaka ine iteye u Rwanda n’isyaka rya MRND rimaze imyaka icyenda riyobora igihugu.
Ikigaragara ni uko iyo mishyikirano irimo amacenga yo mu rwego rwo hejuru. Perezida Habyarimana avuga ko ibizayasinyirwa mo bizaba ari ibipapuro nk’ibindi byose. FPR na yo, yivugira ko ubutegetsi budatangwa n’imishyikirano, ko ahubwo butangwa na kalacinikovu. Ibi binemejwe mu biganiro by’ubufifiko hagati ya Faustin Musare na Patrick Mazimpaka, mu kwezi kwa cumi 1993, hagati y’inkuta za hoteli Mount Meru, aho imishyikirano yo guhuza impande zombi irimo kubera.
Ibi binabanjirijwe n’andi magambo Paul Kagame yivugiye ubwe ahitwa i Ngondore, ubwo Ruvugabigwi, umunyamakuru wa Radio Rwanda, amubajije, ati: «imishyikirano ya Arusha nitagira icyo itanga, muzakora iki?» Kagame, ku gasongabugari ke, amushubije adategwa, agira, ati: «iyo mishyikirano nitagira icyo itanga, uretse ko tutanacyizeye, tuzasubira mu ishyamba». Abari aho, duherekejwe na Minuar (ingabo z’umuryango w’abibumbye), duhise tugwa mu gahundwe!
Imishyikirano ya Arusha nayibaye mo igihe kitari munsi y’umwaka. Nkuko nabivuze hejuru, ni imishyikirano yarimo amacenga menshi, cyane ko n’abari bayihagarariye byagaragaraga ko na bo batazi neza icyatumye bayiza mo.
Minisitiri w’ububanyi n’amahanga, Nyakwigendera Boniface Ngulinzira, ahagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda, naho Pasteur Bizimungu ahagarariye FPR-Inkotanyi.
Mu gika kitiriwe kuvanga ingabo, ari na cyo kinakomeye, kirimo no kurwana, rwabuze gica. Ni igika kigiye kumara amezi hafi atandatu nta kirumvikanwaho gifatika. Uruhande rw’u Rwanda rurifuza ko kuvanga ingabo byakurikiza amategeko ya cyera, atagize aho ahuriye n’imyumvire y’abarwanyi b’impande zombi, iza FPR n’iza Leta y’u Rwanda.
Abazashyirwa mu nzego z’ikirenga za gisirikare (officiers) ngo bagomba kuba barize mu ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare (ESM). Mu nkotanyi ibi ntibabikozwa, ndetse Pasteur Bizimungu afite uko abisobanura: «ingabo zacu ntizigeze zigira amahirwe yo kwinjira muri ayo mashuri muvuga ya gisirikare, kuko ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana bwazibujije kwiga», fin de citation.
Ibyo arabivugana umujinya n’agasuzuguro, karimo no kwivumbura, asohoka mu cyumba kiberamo inama. Nguriya ahise yibira mu kidendezi cy’amazi «piscine» cya Hoteli; arinzwe n’abasore b’abatutsi n’imbunda zabo za masotera, zitihishira mu mifuka yabo. Nguriya Boniface Ngulinzira na we arimo aramwinginga ngo agaruke mu cyumba cy’inama, ibyo bibazo impande zombi zitumvikanaho, bicocerwe mu ruhame.
Uko bigaragara ni uko Ngulinzira nta kindi yakora mu byemezo bikarishye, birimo gufatwa n’abayobozi b’inkotanyi muri iyo mishyikirano, kuko ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana ahagarariye buri kubyina sambwe n’urucantege; buri muri «position de faiblesse». Iyo «position de faiblesse» irivugira kuko niba hemejwe ko habaho «cessez-le-feu» (guhagarika gato imirwano kugira ngo impande zombi zigire icyo zumvikanaho), ingabo z’inkotanyi ari bwo buryo ziba zibonye bwo kwisuganya no gukaza imirwano.
Pasteur Bizimungu azemera gusubukura inama, ariko nta kiri buhinduke mu byo FPR yifuza: ibyo yifuza ni ukuvanga ingabo, n’iyo zaba zitazi kwandika no gusoma amazina yazo. Ibyo birabaye, binashyizweho umukono n’impande zombi.
«Apocalypse»
Iri ni ijambo risobanura imperuka. Ni ijambo ryitiriwe Col Théoneste Bagosora, umwe mu basirikare bakuru bari bagize itsinda rya Leta muri iyo mishyikirano. Théoneste Bagosora nguriya arivumbuye, arasohotse, ndetse avuze ko iyo nama atazayigarukamo. Impamvu: «Ngulinzira ni umugambanyi. Nta mpamvu n’imwe igaragara y’ukuntu ashobora kwemera ko abasirikare bakuru (officiers) mu ngabo z’u Rwanda bavangwa mo inkandagirabitabo zo muri FPR-Inkotanyi», fin de citation.
Nguko uko abagize itsinda ry’abahagarariye FPR-Inkotanyi bahimbye ikirego ko Bagosora yavuze ko ngo agiye gutegura imperuka (apocalypse). Nyamara yaba jye, yaba na bagenzi be b’abasirikare bakuru bari aho, Major Ndengeyinka n’abandi, iyo mperuka (apocalypse) ntayo twumvise. Ngicyo icyaha Col Bagosora azanafungirwa, kize kubura ibimenyetso, nyamara kimuhame, kinamukatire imyaka 30 y’igifungo mu rubanza azaburanishwa mo mu rukiko mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, Arusha muri Tanzaniya.
Intandaro ni ya ndege
Bivugwa ko iyo ndege yarashwe n’abakomando ba FPR-inkotanyi nyamara, n’ubwo Kizigenza wabo yabyiyemereye, abishe abari bayirimo bose ntibigeze bakurikiranwa n’inkiko.
Anketi y’umucamanza w’umufaransa, Jean-Louis Bruguière, yashimangiye ko abasirikare ba FPR ari bo bishe Perezida Habyarimana na mugenzi we Ntaryamira, ba Gashakabuhake bayiciye amazi.
Célestin Kabanda yari umusore ukiri muto, twabanaga muri Minisiteri y’Ububanyi n’amahanga. Yari amaze umwaka umwe gusa arongoye umugore mwiza cyane.
Imishyikirano yose yayibayemo kubera ko yari umwe mu basemuzi (interprètes) b’indimi ebyiri (igifaransa n’icyongereza) zakoreshwaga mu cyumba cy’inama. Ati: «iyi ndege tugendamo izaraswa, kandi iraswa ryayo ntirizasiga ubusa». Uyu mwene Munyabuhoro yaba hari icyo yari azi ku iraswa ry’iyo ndege, nk’uko byari byanavugiwe muri za nkuta za Hotel Mount Meru na bamwe mu bari bagize itsinda ry’abahagarariye FPR-Inkotanyi? Ishyano Kabanda yavugaga icyo gihe ryaje kubara inkuru taliki ya 06 mata 1994, ndetse na Kabanda ubwe riramuhitana. Imana imuhe iruhuko ridashira.
Kwibuka: iturufu n’inyungu z’ubutegetsi
Kwibuka ni ngombwa. Ni ngombwa kwibuka abo iyo ndege yahitanye bose, ndetse n’abandi bapfuye kubera yo. Iyo iyo ndege itaraswa n’abicanyi b’uyu munsi, sinemeza ko ibyo twibuka uyu munsi byari kubaho. Abatuma tubyibuka, ari na bo nyirabayazana babyo, babifite mo nyungu ki?
Inyungu ntizabura, ziranivugira, kuko iyo badahanura iyo ndege, ngo byitwe jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, bene kuyihanura ntibaba bakiri ku butegetsi. Abatutsi biciwe muri ako kaga, n’ubu baracyapfa kubera inyungu z’ubutegetsi bw’uyu munsi.
Ubutegetsi buriho uyu munsi bwatumye banapfa, buracyabirisha ku babishe. Abishe abo batutsi cyangwa abaturuka muri ubwo bwoko, na bo bahora bannya mu bihu (bafite ubwoba), n’iyo baba nta ruhare bagize mu kwica izo nzirakarengane.
Ngiryo rya terabwoba tumaze mo imyaka 26 twibuka abatutsi n’abahutu, bazize ubutegetsi bubi bw’abahutu, n’ubw’abatutsi b’uyu munsi, bukomeje kudushora mu kaga k’icuraburindi.
Igihe kirageze kugirango duhagurukire rimwe, n’iyonka, turwanye ibyo bisambo byo mu moko yombi, birwanira ubutegetsi, bwa butegetsi buteza akaga abanyarwanda iyo bwahirimanye na bene bwo.
