01/01/2022, Yanditswe na Amiel Nkuliza
Aba, mu by’ukuri, ni imfungwa za politiki. U Rwanda ntacyo rwagombye kubakurikiranaho, kubera ko barekuwe n’urukiko mpuzamahanga. Uru rukiko rwa Arusha muri Tanzaniya rwari rubakurikiranyeho icyaha cya jenoside yabereye mu Rwanda muri mata 1994. Bamwe muri bo bafungiwe icyo cyaha, barangiza ibihano byabo (libérés), abandi bagihanagurwaho burundu (acquittés), kubera ko nta bimenyetso urukiko rwari rwabonye rukibahamya.
Abavugwa muri iyi nkuru ni abitwa Protais Zigiranyirazo, wahoze ari perefe wa Ruhengeri, Major François Nzuwonemeye, wahoze ayobora bataillon de reconnaissance), Lieutenant-Colonel Tharcisse Muvunyi, wahoze ayobora ishuri ry’aba sous-officiers (ESO) i Butare, André Ntagerura, wahoze ari ministiri w’amaposita n’itumanaho, Lieutenant-Colonel Anatole Nsengiyumva, wahoze ari umukuru w’ingabo muri perefegitura ya Gisenyi, Prosper Mugiraneza, wahoze ari minisitiri w’abakozi ba Leta, Capitaine Innocent Sagahutu, wahoze yungirije umukuru wa bataillon de reconnaissance, na Lieutenant-Colonel Alphonse Nteziryayo, wahoze ari perefe wa perefegitura ya Butare.
Byabagendekeye bite?
Mu kwezi kwa cumi na kumwe 2021, izi mfungwa za politiki zaguweho n’icyemezo gitunguranye cy’uko zigomba kuvanwa muri Tanzaniya, aho zari zimaze imyaka igera kuri 20 zicumbikiwe, zikimurirwa i Niamey mu gihugu cya Niger. Ni icyemezo cyafashwe n’urwego rw’ubusigire (mécanisme) rw’urukiko mpuzamahanga rw’i La Haye. Inshingano y’iyi mécanisme yari ugushakira aba bantu ibihugu bishobora kubakira, bitari mo u Rwanda, kuko bari baratsembye ko badashaka gusubira mu Rwanda n’ubwo, mu rwego rw’amategeko, batari bagikurikiranyweho ibyaha baregwaga.
Mu ntangiriro z’ukwezi kwa cumi n’abiri 2021, izi mfungwa zari zararekuwe n’ubutabera mpuzamahanga, ni bwo zagejejwe i Niamey muri Niger, nyamara mu mpera z’uko kwezi, ikindi cyemezo kizigwa hejuru, icyemezo kivuga ko zihawe iminsi umunani gusa, zikaba zavuye ku butaka bw’igihugu cya Niger.
Minisitiri w’ubutegetsi bw’igihugu wa Niger, wasinye icyo cyemezo, mu nyandiko ye dufitiye kopi, avuga ko icyemezo cyafashwe n’igihugu cye, gishingiye ku mpamvu za dipolomasi; iyi dipolomasi ivugwa, akaba ari yo mbarutso y’iyi nkuru.
Akaboko ka Leta y’u Rwanda
N’ubwo aba banyapolitiki n’abasirikare bakuru, bari bararekuwe n’urukiko rwa Arusha, Leta y’u Rwanda ntiyigeze yemera ko abo bantu babaye abere. Kuri Leta ya Kigali, icyaha cya jenoside bari bakurikiranyweho, ntaho kigeze kijya, ari na yo mpamvu u Rwanda rwakomeje gusaba urukiko rwa Arusha ko, baba abarekuwe n’inkiko, na bamwe mu bagiye boherezwa gufungirwa mu bindi bihugu bya Afurika, bakoherezwa mu Rwanda, kurangiriza yo ibihano.
Urukiko mpuzamahanga rwa Arusha rukaba rutarigeze na rimwe rwubahiriza icyifuzo cy’u Rwanda, kubera ko hari impamvu nyinshi zerekanaga ko u Rwanda rutari rwujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa kugira ngo imfungwa nk’izo zirangirize ibihano byazo mu Rwanda.
Imiryango mpuzamahanga itandukanye, ndetse n’irengera uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu, yatangaga ingero z’uko abenshi mu bafungiwe mu Rwanda bakorerwa iyicarubozo, iyi ikaba ari yo mpamvu nyamukuru umuryango mpuzamahanga utigeze ushyigikira ko izi mfungwa zakoherezwa mu Rwanda gufungirwa yo.
Umwe muri izo mfungwa, Jean Uwinkindi, woherejwe mu Rwanda kurangiriza yo ibihano, ni we usa n’aho watumye bagenzi be batoherezwayo, kuko amaraporo menshi yerekanye ko iyi mfungwa yakorewe iyicarubozo aho ifungiwe muri gereza nkuru ya Mpanga, iyi gereza yitiriwe Arusha ikaba yarubatswe ku bufatanye bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi, birimo n’Ubuholandi, byasabwaga kuyishyira mo ibya ngombwa byose byari bikenewe kugirango ishobore kwakira izi mfungwa.
Impamvu ingana ururo!
Umutwe w’iyi nyandiko uribaza inyungu u Rwanda rwaba rufite mu kohereza mu Rwanda imfungwa z’abanyarwanda zari zarimuriwe mu gihugu cya Niger.
Impamvu ya mbere: mu mpera z’umwaka w’1994, u Rwanda rwashyize igitutu ku muryango w’abibumbye (ONU), rusaba ko hashyirwaho urukiko mpuzamahanga rwo kuburanisha abateguye jenoside yo muri mata 1994. Umuryango mpuzamahanga, washyirwaga mu majwi n’u Rwanda ko utatabaye abicwaga muri icyo gihe, wahise ushyiraho byihutirwa urwo rukiko, mu rwego rwo kwigura, icyicaro cyarwo gishyirwa Arusha ho mu gihugu cya Tanzaniya.
Ubwo uru rukiko rwajyagaho, u Rwanda rwakekaga ko abo ruzakurikirana bose bazahamwa n’icyaha cya jenoside no kuyitegura, bakarangiriza ubuzima bwabo mu magereza, nyamara ukuri kwaje kuba ukundi.
Colonel Théoneste Bagosora (ubu waguye muri gereza), wafatwaga nk’umutwe wa nyawo watekereje ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’iyo jenoside, urukiko ntirwigeze ruyimuhamya kubera ko rwabuze ibimenyetso bifatika.
Bagenzi be bandi, bakurikiranyweho icyo cyaha, nta n’umwe wemejwe n’urukiko ko yateguye iyo jenoside ivugwa ko ngo yakorewe abatutsi gusa.
Kuba ibyo u Rwanda rwari rwizeye mu mikirize y’izi manza, atari byo rwabonye, rwahisemo gutera imbabazi mu kurira ay’ingona, ko noneho urwo rukiko rwakwimurirwa mu Rwanda, kuko ni ho byari byoroshye ko inkiko zaho, zitagira amategeko azigenga, zizajya zihamya icyaha abakiregwa bose.
Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ibyifuzo bya Leta y’u Rwanda byaje kunanirana, bityo ya planification ya jenoside Leta y’inkotanyi yifuzaga, iyica mu rihumye.
Impamvu ya kabiri: Leta y’u Rwanda, mu by’ukuri, ibeshejweho na jenoside yakorewe abatutsi. Iyi jenoside ni yo ikangishwa abahutu bose bayirwanya, kuko ivuga ko ngo ari icyaha kidasaza, gikurikiranwaho n’uwavutse uyu munsi. Ibi bivuze ko, uwo ari we wese urezwe iki cyaha, yaba umwere, ataba umwere, ahita afatwa, icyo cyasha n’ubundi kikaba kikimwanditse ku gahanga, n’iyo yarekurwa n’inkiko mpuzamahanga.
Iyi jenoside yanabaye igikangisho ku bihugu bimwe na bimwe bishyirwa mu majwi n’u Rwanda ko ngo bitagize icyo bikora kugirango ihagarare, ubwo yabaga muri 1994. Iki gikangisho ku ma leta y’ibihugu by’i Burayi na Amerika, kikaba gituma rimwe na rimwe aya ma Leta afata ibyemezo bibangamiye amategeko mpuzamahanga, ari na byo birimo kugeragezwa gushyirwa mu bikorwa kuri aba banyarwanda bari ku mponde zo koherezwa mu Rwanda.
Impamvu ya gatatu: Kubera ko inyungu zari zigamijwe mu ishyirwaho ry’urukiko mpuzamahanga rwa Arusha zitabyaye umusaruro u Rwanda rwifuzaga, u Rwanda rufite inyungu z’uko bano banyarwanda uko ari umunani boherezwa mu Rwanda, kugirango bazatange ubuhamya bw’uko jenoside yagenze. Ibi bigezweho byaba ari mahire ku Rwanda, kuko ya jenoside yarwo yari itangiye guta agaciro, noneho yagarura ubuyanja, bikozwe n’abayemeza, banavuga ko bayigize mo uruhare mu kuyitegura.
Hari uwakeka ko aba banyarwanda, baramutse basabwe gutanga ubu buhamya, batabikora, nyamara bakiyibagiza ko na Jean Kambanda, wari uyoboye guverinoma bari mo, na we yabitegetswe, akanabikora. Umu commando w’umunya Canada, wamuhatiraga kwemera ibyo yasabwaga byose, amazina ye arahari, ku buryo uwayashaka yayasanga mu bushyinguro bw’inyandiko (archives) z’urukiko mpuzamahanga rwa Arusha muri Tanzaniya.
Igisubizo cy’ikibazo iyi nkuru yibaza mu mutwe wayo, kikaba gisa n’igisubijwe kubera ko, n’utazi gushyira mu gaciro, yagombye kubona ko u Rwanda rufite inyungu kuri aba banyarwanda, kugirango bazemeze itegurwa (planification) rya jenoside itaremejwe n’urukiko rwababuranishije cyangwa rwabahanaguyeho ibyaha.
Impamvu ishobora kuba iya kane, ariko wenda bamwe mu bakora amasesengura batabona neza, ni amagambo umuvugizi wa Leta, Alain Mukurarinda, yatangaje ku Ijwi rya Amerika (VOA).
Uyu mugabo, wanashinje ibyaha by’ibihimbano madamu Victoire Ingabire, yamaze impungenge abari bazifite ko izi mfungwa umunani ziramutse zigeze mu Rwanda zitakurikiranwa n’inkiko zaho, kuko ngo zahanaguweho ibyaha n’urukiko mpuzamahanga.
Aya magambo ya Mukurarinda arasa n’avuguruza Leta y’u Rwanda, yakomeje kwemeza ko n’abahanaguweho ibyaha n’urwo rukiko atari abere. Ikihishe inyuma y’amagambo y’uyu munyamategeko, ni uko Alain Mukurarinda adashobora gutangaza ibyo atatumwe na Leta abereye umuvugizi.
Ibi bivuze ko Leta ya Kigali yahinduye ingendo, kubera ko ya jenoside yarishaga yabonye ko itagihabwa agaciro ku rwego mpuzamahanga, noneho abaregwa ko bayigize mo uruhare akaba ari bo bagomba kuyemeza ubwabo, haba mu biganiro mbwirwaruhame, haba imbere y’indangururamajwi (micro) z’abanyamakuru b’ubutegetsi, n’ahandi hose abo bantu basabwa kwemeza ko jenoside yateguwe, ko banayigize mo uruhare, n’ubwo bayihanaguweho cyangwa barangije ibihano bakatiwe.
Ku rundi ruhande, kuba Mukurarinda avuga ko abo bantu bagejejwe mu Rwanda batakurikiranwa n’ubutabera bwaho, ibi birasa n’ukuri, cyane ko na Major Ntuyahaga wabanjirije aba bagenzi be, na we warekuwe n’inkiko mpuzamahanga, yagejejwe mu Rwanda ntiyacumbikirwa muri gereza. Kuba rero Ntuyahaga atarahise afatwa ngo afungirwe mu magereza y’u Rwanda, ni uko jenoside u Rwanda rurisha yari yaramaze guca umuvuno mushyashya.
Leta y’u Rwanda ikaba igomba kwereka amahanga ko kuba Major Ntuyahaga atarafunzwe ubwo yagezwaga mu Rwanda, nta mpamvu yindi ihari ko na bagenzi be umunani, bategerejwe i Kigali, bahitira muri gereza. Ibi ariko na none bifite ikindi kibyihishe inyuma, kuko niba aboherezwa mu Rwanda bararekuwe n’inkiko mpuzamahanga, batongera gukurikiranwa n’u Rwanda, ni uburyo bundi bwo kureshya ibihugu bindi bizajya birekura abandi, kugirango na byo bijye bibohereza mu Rwanda.
Kuba Leta ya Kigali ishaka kwerekana ishusho yayo nshya y’uko ikurikiza ibyemezo byafashwe n’ubutabera mpuzamahanga, si uko na none abajyanywe mu Rwanda, nubwo badafungirwa muri ayo magereza, badakorerwa irindi yicarubozo, rinaruta kure gufungwa.
Amakuru afitiwe gihamya ni uko Major Ntuyahaga adafunzwe, ariko ahozwaho inkeke yo kwemeza ko ari we watanze amabwiriza yo kwica madamu Agatha Uwilingiyimana ndetse n’abasirikari icumi b’ababiligi, biciwe mu kigo cya gisirikare cya Kigali. Ibi byaha byombi yarabifungiwe, arangiza igihano cye, nyamara aracyicwa urubozo, asabwa gusobanura uko yabikoze.
Nta gushidikanya rero ko na bagenzi be nibagezwa i Kigali bazategekwa kwemeza ko icyaha cya jenoside baregwaga, n’ubwo bamwe muri bo barangije igihano cyayo, abandi bakagihanagurwaho, bagomba kwemeza ko iyo jenoside yateguwe na guverinoma ndetse n’igisirikari barimo. Gusabwa cyangwa gutegekwa kwemeza ko jenoside baregwaga bayigize mo uruhare, nta yicarubozo rirenze iryo.
Uhiriye mu nzu ngo ntaho adapfunda imitwe!
Nk’uko bisanzwe bigenda, mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe by’i Burayi, abashinzwe kurengera uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu, barimo Yozefu Matata n’abandi, bahagurukiye rimwe bahurira mu myigaragambyo yo kwamagana icyemezo cyafashwe n’abayobozi b’igihugu cya Niger mu kwirukana abo banyarwanda ku butaka bw’icyo gihugu.
Imyigarambyo ni ngombwa kugira ngo bigaragare ko abanyarwanda bariho, ko turiho, kugirango twamagane akarengane gakomeje kudukorerwa. Ariko se iyo myigaragambyo hari ubwo yigeze iburiza mo ibyemezo biba byafashwe na ba mpatsibihugu, akenshi baba bari inyuma yabyo?
Ubufaransa ni igihugu cyakoronije igihugu cya Niger, ku buryo uko biteye kugeza uyu munsi wagira ngo Niger iracyari mu kwaha kw’ubukoloni. Ibi bigaragarira mu ntara nyinshi z’icyo gihugu, ndetse no mu murwa mukuru i Niamey, aho ingabo z’Ubufaransa zisa n’aho zimuriye ibirindiro. Uwahakana ko Ubufaransa butari inyuma y’iyirukanwa ry’aba banyarwanda, ni uko isesengura rye ryaba riciriritse.
Abenshi muri twe, ntawe utakwifuza ko izi mfungwa z’ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana na Sindikubwabo zitashyikirizwa u Rwanda, kubera ko nizigerayo zizicwa urubozo, nyamara icyifuzo cya benshi muri twe, umenya kigenda kiyoyoka.
Muzagire umwaka mwiza wa 2022, muzawubone mo ibyo mwifuza byose; muzawurye, ntuzabarye.
